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Replacement of oxygen by sulfur in small organic molecules. 3. Theoretical studies on the tautomeric equilibria of the 2OH and 4OH-substituted oxazole and thiazole and the 3OH and 4OH-Substituted isoxazole and isothiazole in the isolated state and in solution

This follow-up paper completes the author?s investigations to explore the in-solution structural preferences and relative free energies of all OH-substituted oxazole, thiazole, isoxazole, and isothiazole systems. The polarizable continuum dielectric solvent method calculations in the integral-equation formalism (IEF-PCM) were performed at the DFT/B97D/aug-cc-pv(q+(d))z level for the stable neutral tautomers with geometries optimized in dichloromethane and aqueous solution. With the exception of the predictions for the predominant tautomers of the 3OH isoxazole and isothiazole, the results of the IEF-PCM calculations for identifying the most stable tautomer of the given species in the two selected solvents agreed with those from experimental investigations. The calculations predict that the hydroxy proton, with the exception for the 4OH isoxazole and 4OH isothiazole, moves preferentially to the ring nitrogen or to a ring carbon atom in parallel with the development of a C=O group. The remaining, low-fraction OH tautomers will not be observable in the equilibrium compositions. Relative solvation free energies obtained by the free energy perturbation method implemented in Monte Carlo simulations are in moderate accord with the IEF-PCM results, but consideration of the DeltaGsolv/MC values in calculating DeltaGstot maintains the tautomeric preferences. It was revealed from the Monte Carlo solution structure analyses that the S atom is not a hydrogen-bond acceptor in any OH-substituted thiazole or isothiazole, and the OH-substituted isoxazole and oxazole ring oxygens may act as a weak hydrogen-bond acceptor at most. The molecules form 1.0?3.4 solute?water hydrogen bonds in generally unexplored numbers at some specific solute sites. Nonetheless, hydrogen-bond formation is favorable with the NH, C=O and OH groups.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Metabolism and disposition of ataluren after oral administration to mice, rats, dogs, and humans

Ataluren is a unique small molecule developed for the treatment of diseases caused by nonsense mutations, which result in premature termination of ribosomal translation and lack of full-length protein production. This study investigated the in vivo metabolism and disposition of ataluren in mice, rats, dogs, and humans. After single oral administration of [14C]ataluren, the overall recovery of radioactivity was ?93.7%, with approximately 39%, 17%-21%, 12%, and 55% in the urine and 54%, 70%-72%, 80%, and 47% in the feces from intact mice, rats, dogs, and humans, respectively. In bile duct-cannulated (BDC) rats, approximately 10%, 7%, and 82% of the dose was recovered in the urine, feces, and bile, respectively, suggesting that biliary secretion was a major route for the elimination of ataluren in the rats. Ataluren was extensively metabolized after oral administration, and the metabolic profiles of ataluren were quantitatively similar across all species. Unchanged ataluren was the dominant radioactive component in plasma. Ataluren acyl glucuronide was the most prominent metabolite in plasma of all species and the dominant metabolite in BDC rat bile and human urine, whereas the oxadiazole cleavage products were the major or prominent metabolites in the feces of all species. Overall, the results indicate that phase I metabolism is negligible and that the pathway largely involves glucuronidation. No other circulatory conjugation metabolite was detected across investigated species. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ataluren is a novel carboxylic acid-containing small molecule drug for treating nonsense mutation Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In vivo metabolism and disposition after a single dose of the drug were investigated in mice, rats, dogs, and humans. Phase I metabolism of ataluren was negligible, and the pathway largely involves glucuronidation. No other circulatory conjugation metabolite was detected across investigated species.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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A vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors hydrochloride aerosol pharmaceutical composition (by machine translation)

The invention belongs to the field of medicine, in particular to inhibit VEGF of formula I compound hydrochloride aerosol pharmaceutical composition, the pharmaceutical use and pharmaceutical formulations, particularly with respect to the tumor, the treatment of angiogenesis. The invention also relates to the method for synthesizing the compounds. (by machine translation)

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Isothiazoles in the Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Substances and Ligands for Metal Complexes

The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. Some representatives of isothiazoles have proven to be synergists of bioactive substances, which opens the way to lower the doses of drugs used and is especially important in cancer chemotherapy. In the framework of the present review, the accomplishments in the chemistry of isothiazoles over the past 18 years are examined, whilst current strategies for the synthesis of isothiazole-containing molecules and key directions of studies in this field of heterocyclic chemistry are discussed. Considerable attention is paid to chlorinated isothiazoles and strategies for their use in the synthesis of biologically active substances. In addition, a comprehensive review of existing literature in the field of metal complexes of isothiazoles is given, including the results and prospects for the practical use of isothiazole-metal complexes as catalysts for cross-coupling reactions in aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic media (‘green chemistry’). 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis by Ring-Forming Reactions 2.1 Intramolecular Cyclization 2.2 (4+1)-Heterocyclization 2.3 (3+2)-Heterocyclization 2.4 Syntheses by Ring Transformations 3 Isothiazoles by Ring Functionalization Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution, Cross-Coupling and Side-Chain Functionalization 4 Selected Syntheses of Biologically Active Isothiazole Derivatives 5 Isothiazoles in the Synthesis of Transition-Metal Complexes and in Metal-Complex Catalysis 6 Conclusion.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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A retrospective look at anthranilic diamide insecticides: discovery and lead optimization to chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole

Anthranilic diamides are an important commercial synthetic class of insecticides (IRAC Group 28) that bind to the ryanodine receptor with selective potency against insect versus mammalian forms of the receptor. The first commercialized diamide, chlorantraniliprole, has exceptional activity against lepidopteran pests. The second anthranilamide product, cyantraniliprole, has excellent cross-spectrum activity against a range of insect orders, including both lepidopteran and hemipteran pests. Here, a retrospective look is presented on the discovery of the class, along with chemistry highlights of the lead evolution to both products.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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IMIDAZO [1,5-A]PYRIMIDINYL CARBOXAMIDE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE IN THE TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS

The invention provides substituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyrimidinyl carboxamide and related organic compounds, compositions containing such compounds, medical kits, and methods for using such compounds and compositions to treat medical disorders, e.g., Gaucher disease, Parkinson’s disease, Lewy body disease, dementia, or multiple system atrophy, in a patient. Exemplary substituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyrimidinyl carboxamide compounds described herein include substituted 2-heterocyclyl-4-alkyl-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrirnidine-8-carboxamide compounds and variants thereof.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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PHOTOLYSIS OF BROMOTHIAZOLES IN HYDROGEN-DONATING SOLVENTS. A THEORETICAL STUDY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BROMOTHIAZOLES

Uv irradiation of bromothiazoles in various organic solvents (methanol, ether, cyclohexane) produces thiazole and the isomeric isothiazole as the main reaction products.The reactivity of monobromothiazoles in this reaction decreases in the order: 2-bromothiazole > 5-bromothiazole >> 4-bromothiazole.The PPP (LCI-SCF-MO) calculations of bromothiazoles were used to interpret and discuss their various properties.The uv, NMR, and mass spectra of bromothiazoles were measured.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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One-pot, Pd/Cu-catalysed synthesis of alkynyl-substituted 3-ylidene-dihydrobenzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxides

Enyne-substituted benzoisothiazole derivatives have been synthesised under one-pot, operationally simple conditions using 2-iodo-N-(trimethylsilylethynyl)benzenesulfonamides and terminal alkynes as starting materials and a palladium-copper-based catalytic system. The structure of these heterocycles has been demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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A retrospect on antimicrobial potential of thiazole scaffold

Due to its appreciable diversity in biological actions, thiazole and its substituted components, a significant class of heterocyclic compounds has developed as an influential scaffold in the field of chemical sciences. The variability of thiazole core has been expressed through the effective instigation of its anticancer (Dasatinib, Tiazofurin), antiretroviral (Ritonavir, Brecanavir), antimicrobial (Sulfathiazole, Ravuconazole) and anti-inflammatory (Fenclozic acid, Meloxicam) derivatives. This reasonable diversity in the physiological reaction pattern led many scientists to refine and develop new structural alternatives with much more efficient pharmacological action. This review is crucial for previous studies and projects to survey the antimicrobial activity of thiazole and thiazole related compounds to the mid of 2019.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Cyanothioacetamide: A polyfunctional reagent with broad synthetic utility

The review integrates and analyzes the published data on the chemical reactivity of a-cyanothioacetamide, a convenient starting compound for the preparation of activated alkenes, functionally substituted pyrans, thiopyrans, pyridines, thiophenes, pyrroles, quinolines, isoquinolines, pyrimidines, thienopyrroles, pyrazolopyridines, pyridothienopyrimidines and pyrimidothienodiazines. The relatively small a-cyanothioacetamide molecule has several reaction centres. Nucleophilic reactions of the methylene group are covered most extensively, including the Thorpe reaction; reactions with diazonium salts, azides, iso(thio)cyanates and nitroso compounds; nucleopilic substitution; Knoevenagel condensation; Michael reaction; and multicomponent syntheses. Separate parts of the review are devoted to nucleophilic reactions involving the thiocarbonyl and amino groups and electrophilic reactions involving thiocarbonyl and nitrile groups. The focus is on the publications of the last 15 years.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com