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Recent advances in computing heteroatom-rich five- and six-membered ring systems

Recent developments in computer technology and the increasing efficiency and accuracy of current ab initio and density functional programs allow the investigation of increasingly complex systems. Molecules that could be treated only at the semiempirical level ten years ago can now be computed at the density functional or the MP2 level with basis sets of double-zeta quality. Very often, these calculations are accurate enough to explain experimental findings, and consequently many experimental studies are augmented by quantum chemical calculations. However, in many cases just a few kilocalories per mole may decide between different reaction mechanisms, different explanations of physical effects, or even a preferred tautomer or conformer. Since the inherent errors of MP2 and DFT calculations are still significantly larger than chemical accuracy, high-level calculations are mandatory for many problems. This holds particularly true for the investigation of reaction barriers involving bond-breaking processes. Although these problems have been recognized by many investigators, a substantial number of papers lack sufficient accuracy. This accuracy problem appears to be more severe for heteroatom-rich species than for other systems, in particular for systems with adjacent heteroatoms. However, DFT calculations were found to cope surprisingly well with the geometric parameters of most of these systems. As is common in heterocyclic chemistry, many studies concern tautomeric equilibria. While quantum chemical calculations are straightforward for the question of the most stable isomer, experiments are sometimes very demanding. Therefore, quantum chemistry can easily provide answers that may require substantial experimental effort. Comparatively few studies concern the investigation of entire reaction paths. This is much more demanding than computing a limited number of tautomers, of course, but usually provides a very detailed picture of the reaction mechanism. In certain cases, it was only possible to judge the nature of a chemical reaction on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. Most studies concerning pyrimidines originate from biochemical questions. Since these systems are dominated by hydrogen-bonding and/or dispersion contributions, methods beyond the Hartree-Fock level are mandatory. The success of quantum chemical studies in this field is impressive and many effects could be explained on the basis of these theoretical investigations.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Thiazole and Isothiazole Ring?Containing Compounds in?Crop Protection

Organic compounds containing five-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings play an important role in life science. Among them thiazole and isothiazole heterocycles are present in many pharmaceutical drugs and crop protection compounds and have sparked over past years an enormous interest on these scaffolds. In agrochemicals these moieties are found in 11 commercial products as well as in two development compounds. A thiazole moiety is present in seven currently marketed agrochemicals, namely the insecticides thiamethoxam and clothianidin, the fungicides thiabendazole, thifluzamide, ethaboxam, and oxathiapiprolin, and the nematicide fluensulfone, as well as in the development compound dicloromezotiaz. One compound, the fungicide isotianil, contains an isothiazole ring and three compounds a benzothiazole ring, namely the fungicide benthiavalicarb and the herbicides methabenzthiazuron and mefenacet. A benzisothiazole ring is not yet present in any commercial product, however, is found in the former nematicide development compound benclothiaz. Interestingly thiazole and isothiazole heterocycles are much less frequently found in agrochemicals than pyridine and pyrazole despite their bioisosteric relationship, which may indicate that these heterocycles have still not been explored to their full scope in crop protection lead discovery and optimization. Detailed information on the discovery, synthesis, and the structure?activity relationships of thiazole- and isothiazole-containing agrochemicals is provided in this review.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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A retrospective look at anthranilic diamide insecticides: discovery and lead optimization to chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole

Anthranilic diamides are an important commercial synthetic class of insecticides (IRAC Group 28) that bind to the ryanodine receptor with selective potency against insect versus mammalian forms of the receptor. The first commercialized diamide, chlorantraniliprole, has exceptional activity against lepidopteran pests. The second anthranilamide product, cyantraniliprole, has excellent cross-spectrum activity against a range of insect orders, including both lepidopteran and hemipteran pests. Here, a retrospective look is presented on the discovery of the class, along with chemistry highlights of the lead evolution to both products.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Aerogel from chemo-enzymatically oxidized fenugreek gum: an innovative delivery system of isothiazolinones biocides

Aerogels of chemo-enzymatically oxidized, lyophilized fenugreek gum (EOLFG) were evaluated as ?delivery system? (DS) of the microbiocide mix 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CIT) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT). These biocides have a broad activity spectrum and a low MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) in the ppm range. They are approved under the EU Biocidal Product Directive for various applications, including cosmetics, are classified as skin sensitizers, and are under increasing scrutiny to limit or eliminate their use. We demonstrate that CIT/MIT can be uptaken into EOLFG aerogel corks by immersion into aqueous solutions of microbiocides, followed by blotting and re-lyophilization to generate ?loaded? EOLFG aerogels. Incubation of ?loaded? corks in water brings about a slow and almost complete release of the absorbed actives having the same MIC of free biocides against selected bacterial pathogens. This new biomaterial could represent an innovative DS of microbiocides and other actives for a variety of industrial, food, cosmetic, and biomedical applications.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Quantification of Aromaticity of Heterocyclic Systems Using Interaction Coordinates

Recently, we proposed an aromaticity index based on interaction coordinates (AIBIC) (J. Phys. Chem. A 2016, 120, 2894a’2901). This index works well for the aromatic hydrocarbons. However, in the case of heterocyclic systems, the AIBIC overestimates the aromaticity indicating many of them to be more aromatic than benzene, which seems unlikely. Because of the differences in the electronegativity of the carbon and the other heteroatoms, the electron density is partially localized near the more electronegative atom(s) of the aromatic fragment. This localized electron density does not contribute to the aromaticity that is due to the delocalized electron density over the central ring. To account for this reduction in the delocalized electron density, a correction is introduced based on Pauling’s electronegativity equation. When the corrected interaction coordinates are used in the computation of AIBIC, we get a new index-aromaticity index based on interaction coordinates corrected. This new index, when computed for a variety of heterocyclic systems, yields results in line with the expectations, and its usefulness in quantifying aromaticity appears to be very promising.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Shake-up transitions in the X-ray photoelectron spectra of some five-membered heterocycles containing two heteroatoms

Low energy, low intensity shake-up satellites are observed in the various energy regions of the XPS spectra of imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, isothiazole and isooxazole.Their energy and intensity trends are the same as those previously observed for furan, thiophen and pyrrole and semiquantitatively reproduced by CNDO/S-CI calculations.They derive from ?-?* transitions of pseudo-b1 symmetry usually involving charge transfer away from the core-ionized atom towards adjacent atoms, often from the heteroatom X (X = O,S,NH) towards the ring.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Synthesis, in vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and in silico study of (E)-thiosemicarbazones and (E)-2-(2-(arylmethylene)hydrazinyl)-4-arylthiazole derivatives

This study is focused on the identification of thiazole-based inhibitors for the (Formula presented.)-glucosidase enzyme. For that purpose, (E)-2-(2-(arylmethylene)hydrazinyl)-4-arylthiazole derivatives were synthesized in two steps and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. All derivatives and intermediates were evaluated for their in vitro (Formula presented.)-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Thiosemicarbazones 20 and 35, and cyclized thiazole derivatives 2, 5?11, 13, 15, 21?24, 27?31, and 36?37 showed significant inhibitory potential in the range of (Formula presented.)?(Formula presented.) as compared to standard acarbose ((Formula presented.)). A molecular modeling study was carried out to understand the binding interactions of compounds with the active site of enzyme.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Small ring chemistry in crop protection

An overview is given of the significance of three- and four-membered rings in crop protection chemistry. The main herbicidally, fungicidally, and insecticidally active small ring derivatives are presented, together with their synthesis routes, modes of action and biological efficacies. Also the most important small ring containing natural products, which are active against weeds, insects and fungal plant diseases are covered. In addition, the role of three- and four-membered rings as intermediates in the synthesis of agrochemicals not containing such a small ring component is reported.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Design and synthesis of 3,7-diarylimidazopyridines as inhibitors of the VEGF-receptor KDR

3,7-Diarylsubstituted imidazopyridines were designed and developed as a new class of KDR kinase inhibitors. A variety of imidazopyridines were synthesized and potent inhibitors of KDR kinase activity were identified with good aqueous solubility.

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Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

 

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Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of 3-(2-(Heterocyclo-2-ylthio)-ethoxy)benzo[d]isothiazoles(1)

Seven novel 3-(2-(heterocyclo-2-ylthio)ethoxy)benzo[d]isothiazoles (3a?3g) have been synthesized and characterized by ESI-MS and 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The crystal structures of 3a and 3g have been determined. Compound 3a (C11H11N5O1S2) belongs to the monoclinic system and 3g (C12H11N3OS3) to the triclinic system. The title compounds show excellent in vitroantibacterial activities, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations varying from 4 to 32 ug/mL.

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Reference£º
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com